-
1 Political parties
Portugal's political party system began only in the 19th century, and the first published, distinct political party program appeared about 1843. Under the constitutional monarchy (1834-1910), a number of political groupings or factions took the name of a political figure or soldier or, more commonly until the second half of the century, the name of the particular constitution they supported. For example, some were called "Septembrists," after the group that supported the 1836 (September) Revolution and the 1822 Constitution. Others described themselves as "Chartists" after King Pedro IV's 1826 Charter ( Carta). From the Regeneration to the fall of the monarchy in 1910, the leading political parties were the Regenerators and the Progressists (or Historicals). During the first parliamentary republic (1910-26), the leading political parties were the Portuguese Republican Party or "The Democrats," the Evolutionists, the Unionists, various monarchist factions, the Liberals, and the Nationalists. Small leftist parties were also established or reestablished after the collapse of President Sidónio Pais's New Republic (1917-18), the Socialist Party (PS) and the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP).Under the Estado Novo dictatorship (1926-74), all political parties and civic associations (such as the Masons) were banned in 1935, and the only legitimate political movement allowed was the regime's creature, the União Nacional (1930-74). Various oppositionist parties and factions began to participate in the rigged elections of the Estado Novo, beginning with the municipal elections of 1942 and continuing with general elections for president of the republic or the National Assembly (legislature) in 1945, 1949, 1951, 1958, 1961, 1969, 1972, etc. Among these parties were elements of the Communist Party, remnants of the old Portuguese Republican Party elite and of the old Socialist Party (originally founded in 1875), various workers' groups, and special electoral committees allowed by the regime to campaign during brief preelectoral exercises.The Revolution of 25 April 1974 swept away the regime's institutions and ushered in a flood of new political groups. During 1974 and 1975, about 60 new political parties and factions sprung up, but the PCP remained the senior, experienced political party. During the period of fallout and adjustment to the new pluralist, multiparty system of democracy (1974-85), four main political parties became the principal ones and garnered the largest percentage of votes in the many general and municipal elections held between the first free election of 25 April 1975, and the general election of 1985. These parties were the PCP, the PS, the Social Democrat Party (PSD), and the Social Democratic Center Party (CDS) or "Christian Democrats." Until 1985-87, the socialists were ahead in votes, but the social democrats were victorious, with clear majorities in 1987 and 1991. In the general elections of 1995 and 1999, the PS returned to power in the legislature, and in the presidential elections of 1996 and 2001, the victor was the socialist leader Jorge Sampaio. The PSD replaced the socialists in power in the 2002 general election.See also Left Bloc. -
2 SPD
* * *[ɛspeː'deː]f - abbrSee:* * *<->[ɛspe:ˈde:]* * *die; SPD Abkürzung = Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands SPD•• Cultural note:One of the main German political parties and the party with the biggest membership. Re-formed after the war in 1945, it is a workers' party supporting social democratic values* * ** * *die; SPD Abkürzung = Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands SPD•• Cultural note:One of the main German political parties and the party with the biggest membership. Re-formed after the war in 1945, it is a workers' party supporting social democratic values -
3 Sá Carneiro, Francisco Lumbralles
(1934-1980)Important political leader in the early years of post-1974 Portugal. Trained and educated as a lawyer at the University of Lisbon Law School, he was an up-and-coming young lawyer and liberal Catholic activist in the 1960s. A practicing lawyer in Oporto, Sá Carneiro was selected to be one of a number of younger deputies in the National Assembly during the brief "opening" phase of Prime Minister Marcello Caetano's period of the Estado Novo. He became a deputy upon consenting to adhere to two conditions for his selection; namely, maintaining Portugal's colonial policy in Africa and advocating "social peace" through reforms. But he refused to join the regime's official movement, the União Nacional. Soon discouraged by the continued intransigence of the conservative forces still controlling regime policy, despite the efforts of Caetano during 1968-70, Sá Carneiro and several others of the recently appointed deputies resigned their posts and went into opposition.Following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Sá Carneiro and colleagues founded the Social Democrat Party (PSD). The highly respected lawyer and spokesman for centrist views became fully involved in the unstable politics of the early Revolutionary period. Named prime minister in January 1980, Sá Carneiro became the political man of the hour in Portugal. The PSD under Sá Carneiro leadership formed the core of a right of center electoral coalition named the Democratic Alliance (AD), which was composed of the PSD, Christian Democratic Party (CDS), and PPM during theDecember 1979 interim parliamentary elections. The AD won the election and Sá Carneiro became prime minister. The regular October 1980 legislative elections, which the AD won, reaffirmed the AD's strength as a coalition. Anxious to consolidate political power by having a president who favored AD policies in office and eager to have the AD candidate, General Soares Carneiro, defeat the incumbent, President Ramalho Eanes, Sá Carneiro undertook a vigorous campaign in the presidential elections set for 7 December 1980. On 4 December, bound for Oporto campaign stops, Sá Carneiro's plane crashed and burned only a short distance from the Lisbon airport. Seven official investigations of the crash have not reached definitive conclusions, and the cause of the crash remains a mystery.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Sá Carneiro, Francisco Lumbralles
-
4 Cavaco Silva, Aníbal Antônio
(1939-)Leading figure in post-1974 Portugal, Social Democrat leader, prime minister (1985-95), president of the Republic since 2006. Born in the Algarve in 1939, Cavaco Silva was educated in Faro and Lisbon and, in 1964, obtained a degree in finance at the University of Lisbon. Like many of the younger leaders of post-1974 Portugal, Cavaco Silva underwent an important part of his professional training abroad; in December 1973, he received a doctorate in economics from York University, Great Britain. He entered academic life as an economics and finance professor in 1974 and taught until he entered politics full-time in 1980, when he was named minister of finance in the sixth constitutional government of Social Democratic Party (PSD) leader and prime minister Sá Carneiro. He was elected a PSD deputy to the Republican Assembly in October 1980. Following the general legislative elections of October 1985, Cavaco Silva was named prime minister of the 10th constitutional government. His party, the PSD, strengthened its hold on the legislature yet again in the 1987 election when, for the first time since the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal was ruled by a party with a clear majority of seats in the legislature.Cavaco Silva, who has emphasized a strong free-enterprise and denationalization policy in the framework of economic rejuvenation, served as prime minister (1985-95) and, in the elections of 1987 and 1991, his party won a clear majority of seats in the Assembly of the Republic (more than 50 percent), which encouraged stability and economic progress in postrevolutionary Portugal. In the 1995 general elections, the Socialist Party (PS) defeated the PSD; he ran for the presidency of the republic in 1995 and lost to Jorge Sampaio. Cavaco Silva retired briefly from politics to teach at the Catholic University. In October 2005, he announced his return to politics and became a candidate for the upcoming presidential election. On 22 January 2006, he received 50.5 percent of the vote and was sworn in on 9 March 2006.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Cavaco Silva, Aníbal Antônio
-
5 Portas, Paulo
(1951-)Politician and chief of a rightist political party, the Popular Party (PP; formerly the CDS or Christian Democrat Party). Like so many others in Portuguese political life, Portas was trained as a lawyer at the University of Lisbon Law Faculty. Before he was elected to the Assembly of the Republic, Portas was editor of the Lisbon newspaper, Público. In the 1990s, he assumed leadership of the PP. In the October 1999 general parliamentary elections, the PP won all but 15 seats (behind the Portuguese Communist Party [PCP] with 17), but there were soundings regarding a potential alliance between the stronger Social Democratic Party (PSD), with 81 seats, and the PP, to challenge the Socialist Party (PS)-led government of Antônio de Guterres. Portas is a charismatic, populist speaker who campaigns most typically by means of mixing with the people ( o povo) in informal settings such as markets.In the March 2002 parliamentary elections, Portas's PP surpassed the PCP in the vote, receiving 14 percent to the PCP's 12 percent, and entered a governing coalition with the dominant PSD. Portas proved himself the most dynamic of campaigners among the three main party political leaders. -
6 CDU
* * *I The CDU (Christlich-Demokratische Union Deutschlands), founded in 1945, is a political party in Germany standing for conservative Christian values and a social market economy. It contests elections in all Länder except Bavaria, where its sister party, the CSU, represents conservative voters. See: → CSU II [tseːdeː'|uː]f - abbrChristian Democratic Union* * *<->[tse:de:ˈʔu:]* * *die; CDU Abkürzung = Christlich-Demokratische Union [Deutschlands] [German] Christian Democratic Party•• Cultural note:One of the main German political parties. It was founded in 1945 and is committed to Christian and conservative values. The CDU is not active in Bavaria. See also CSU* * ** * *die; CDU Abkürzung = Christlich-Demokratische Union [Deutschlands] [German] Christian Democratic Party•• Cultural note:
См. также в других словарях:
Mauritian Social Democrat Party — PMSD [[File:|250px]] Leader Xavier Luc Duval MP Founder Jules Koenig President Maurice Allet … Wikipedia
Nationalist Social Democrat Party — Peru This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Peru … Wikipedia
Social Democrat Party — See Partito Socialista Democratico Italiano (PSDI) … Historical Dictionary of modern Italy
Social Democratic Party (UK) — This is about the UK Social Democratic Party which existed between 1981 and 1988. For other UK parties of this name see Social Democratic Party. Infobox Historic Political Party party name= Social Democratic Party party articletitle= Social… … Wikipedia
Social Democratic Party — In Britain, the social democratic wing of the Labour Party often criticised public ownership. In 1981, several Members of Parliament on the right of the party were uneasy at its drift to the left in opposition and its anti European Community… … Glossary of UK Government and Politics
Democrat Party (Thailand) — Democrat Party พรรคประชาธิปัตย์ Phak Prachathipat Leader Abhisit Vejjajiva Secretary Ge … Wikipedia
Social Democratic Party (Romania) — Social Democratic Party Partidul Social Democrat President Victor Ponta Secretary General Liviu Dragnea … Wikipedia
Social Democratic Party (Estonia) — Social Democratic Party Sotsiaaldemokraatlik Erakond Leader Sven Mikser Founded 8 September 1990 … Wikipedia
social democrat — noun count someone who believes in social democracy or who belongs to a political party that has a policy of social democracy … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
Social Democrat — n. a member or adherent of a Social Democratic Party Social Democratic n … English World dictionary
Social Democrat Hunchakian Party — Infobox Political party name english = Social Democrat Hunchakian Party name native = Սոցիալ Դեմոկրատ Հնչակեան Կուսակցութիւն colorcode = #c00 colors = Red leader = Setrag Ajemian leader1 title = Founders leader1 name = Avetis Nazarbekian, Mariam… … Wikipedia
